So here we go again.
Fresh SD, just created, booted, hooked up the SSD to it...
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.057465] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#2 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 2 inflight: CMD
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.057481] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#2 CDB: opcode=0x35 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.057507] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 1 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.057519] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 00 02 10 00 01 10 00
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.057744] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 3 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.057757] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 00 02 08 00 00 08 00
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.097492] scsi host0: uas_eh_device_reset_handler start
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.258378] usb 2-2: reset SuperSpeed Gen 1 USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd
May 7 08:44:37 moode kernel: [ 499.293015] scsi host0: uas_eh_device_reset_handler success
May 7 08:46:38 moode systemd[1]: Started Samba NMB Daemon.
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.579980] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 3 inflight: CMD
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.579996] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 CDB: opcode=0x35 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580022] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 2 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580034] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 00 0a 08 00 01 f8 00
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580329] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 1 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580341] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 e8 e0 88 00 00 00 08 00
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580612] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 4 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580624] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 08 08 88 00 00 78 00
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580752] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 6 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.580764] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 08 09 08 00 00 f8 00
May 7 08:47:12 moode kernel: [ 654.620006] scsi host0: uas_eh_device_reset_handler start
May 7 08:47:13 moode kernel: [ 654.771001] usb 2-2: reset SuperSpeed Gen 1 USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd
May 7 08:47:13 moode kernel: [ 654.806116] scsi host0: uas_eh_device_reset_handler success
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.300388] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#28 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 5 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.300404] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#28 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 e8 e0 85 28 00 00 a8 00
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.300579] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 3 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.300592] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 e8 e0 84 e8 00 00 10 00
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.300893] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 2 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.300904] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 e8 e0 84 d8 00 00 08 00
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.301010] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 6 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.301022] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 e8 e0 85 d8 00 00 28 00
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.330376] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 1 inflight: CMD
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.330392] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 CDB: opcode=0x35 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.380381] scsi host0: uas_eh_device_reset_handler start
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.531382] usb 2-2: reset SuperSpeed Gen 1 USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd
May 7 08:47:43 moode kernel: [ 685.566390] scsi host0: uas_eh_device_reset_handler success
Then I ran a system update/upgrade, rebooted, and with kernel 5.10.17
May 7 09:01:26 moode kernel: [ 50.949212] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.773823] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 7 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.773840] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 08 07 88 00 00 68 00
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.774046] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 6 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.774060] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 08 07 00 00 00 80 00
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.774356] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 5 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.774370] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 00 08 06 00 00 00 f8 00
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.774698] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 4 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.774711] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 04 08 0a 08 00 01 f8 00
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.775080] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 1 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.775092] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 04 08 06 00 00 00 f8 00
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.775384] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 3 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.775396] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#17 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 04 08 07 88 00 00 68 00
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.775684] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#16 uas_eh_abort_handler 0 uas-tag 2 inflight: CMD IN
May 7 09:01:57 moode kernel: [ 81.775697] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] tag#16 CDB: opcode=0x28 28 00 04 08 07 00 00 00 80 00
Here might be the reason and solution:
https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewt...p?t=245931 At least after identifying the vendor and drive id and adding the quirks-command to cmdline.txt like described on the linked page, the system is now working.