There is a way to re-sample outside of mpd... using hardware up-sampling instead of software re-sampling.
Takes the overhead to a dedicated chip...works very well with Ess Dacs to up-sample to 256-DSD and bypass the Ess internal filters....
This device... tested and works with MoOde... either i2s or usb to i2s....
https://www.ebay.com/itm/AK4137-I2S-DSD-...SwUPZbNPYv
even a hat....
https://www.ebay.com/itm/Raspberry-Pi-2B...Swf95bgRYm
and a biggie with spdif in....
https://www.ebay.com/itm/HIFI-AK4137-DAC...2321488069
Takes the overhead to a dedicated chip...works very well with Ess Dacs to up-sample to 256-DSD and bypass the Ess internal filters....

This device... tested and works with MoOde... either i2s or usb to i2s....

https://www.ebay.com/itm/AK4137-I2S-DSD-...SwUPZbNPYv
even a hat....
https://www.ebay.com/itm/Raspberry-Pi-2B...Swf95bgRYm
and a biggie with spdif in....
https://www.ebay.com/itm/HIFI-AK4137-DAC...2321488069
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bob
bob